In an Advisory Opinion that opens the way to seek remedies in national courts, the ICJ stipulates that climate change treaties and conventions set binding obligations for States to ensure the protection of the climate system and other parts of the environment from greenhouse gas emissions.
Summarising obligations of States under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Kyoto and Paris Agreements, and other international conventions and treaties, the ICJ also held that international customary law sets obligations for States to ensure the protection of the climate system and other parts of the environment from greenhouse gas emissions.
The ICJ also held States have obligations under international human rights law to respect and ensure the effective enjoyment of human rights by taking necessary measures to protect the climate system and other parts of the environment.
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